El desafío de las monedas digitales al régimen regulatorio
Resumen
Existen diversas interrogantes en materia divisas digitales. En primer lugar, la búsqueda de la mejor definición. Las monedas digitales tienen características específicas que hacen necesario proponer una definición. El segundo rompecabezas es la función de Internet. Es importante porque Internet es el vehículo para el buen funcionamiento de los sistemas digitales de divisas. La red ofrece todas las facilidades para la moneda digital, pero también puede ser un lugar para la actividad criminal. El tercer enigma es la relación de las monedas digitales y el comercio electrónico. El comercio electrónico es un antecedente de las monedas virtuales. La necesidad de hacer el pago más rápido y más fácil hace posible el crecimiento de las monedas virtuales. Por último, está el rompecabezas de la regulación. Una regulación completa no existe en el área digital. Es la naturaleza de la Internet. Es un lugar donde no hay reglas financieras. Probablemente la actividad criminal y el uso indebido de Internet aumentarán con el tiempo.Palabras clave:
monedas digitales, bitcoin, dinero electrónico, desafíos legales, e-commerceReferencias
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Bitcoin Fees Web Page (2015). «Bitcoin Fees | Bitcoin Transaction Fees Explained». Accessed December 3, 2015. Available at http://bitcoinfees.com/.
Bitcoin Project (2015). «Bitcoin for Individuals - Bitcoin». Accessed November 9, 2015. Available at https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-for-individuals.
Bitcoin Project (2015). «FAQ | Bitcoin.com» Accessed November 9, 2015. Available at https://www.bitcoin.com/faq.
Davis, Joshua (2011). «The Cripto-Currency: Bitcoin and Its Mysterious Inventor» The New Yorker, October 10. Available at http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/10/the-crypto-currency.
Davison, Alan (2009). The Law of Electronic Commerce. Cambridge University Press.
European Central Bank (2012). «Virtual Currency Schemes». Available at https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf.
European Central Bank (2015). «Virtual Currency Schemes - a Further Analysis». Available at https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemesen.pdf.
Financial Action Task Force (2014). «Virtual Currencies: Key Definitions and Potential AML/CFT Risks». Available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/methodsandtrends/documents/virtual-currency-definitions-aml-cft-risk.html.
Financial Action Task Force (2015). «Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Currencies» Available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/fatfgeneral/documents/guidance-rba-virtual-currencies.html.
Fullenkamp, Connel, and Saleh Nsouli (2004). «Six Puzzles in Electronic Money and Banking» International Monetary Fund. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2004/wp0419.pdf.
Gabriel, Henry (2006). «The United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts: An Overview and Analysis». Uniform Law Review, 11.
Grinberg, Ruben (2012). «Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency». Hastings Science & Technology Law Journal, 159-208.
Hett, William (2009). «Digital Currencies and the Financing of Terrorism». Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, 15.
ICANN (2015). «Resources». Available at https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/welcome-2012-02-25-en. Accessed December 23, 2015.
Katz, Jonathan (2010). Digital Signatures. Springer.
Kien-Meng Ly, Matthew (2014). «Coining Bitcoin’s ‘Legal-Bits’: Examining the Regulatory Framework for Bitcoin and Virtual Currencies». Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 27 (2).
Kirby, Patrick (2014). «Virtually Possible: How to Strengthen Bitcoin Regulation Within the Current Regulatory Framework». North Carolina Law Review, 93 (1).
Kohl, Uta (2007). Jurisdiction and the Internet. Cambridge University Press.
Library of Congress of United States of America (2014). «Regulation of Bitcoin in Selected Jurisdictions». Available at http://www.loc.gov/law/help/bitcoin-survey/.
Loubser, MM, and Derick Swart (1999). «Electronic Money in South African Law». Stellenbosch Law Review, 10.
Mik, Eliza (2010). «Evaluating the Impact of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts on Domestic Contract Law. The Singapore Example». Chinese Yearbook of International Trade Law, 28: 43-65.
Mullan, Carl (2014). Digital Currency Challenge: Shaping Online Payment System through US Financial Regulations. Palgrave Macmillan.
Murphy, Edward, Maureen Murphy, and Michael Seitzinger (2015). «Bitcoin: Questions, Answers, and Analysis of Legal Issues». Congressional Research Service.
Murray, Andrew (2010). Information Technology Law. Oxford University Press.
Nakamoto, Satoshi (2009). «Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System». Available at https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
Nakamoto, Satoshi (2009). «Bitcoin. P2P Money». Available at https://bitcoin.org/en/.
Negurita, Octav (2014). «Bitcoin - Between Legal and Financial Performance». Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 6.
Prins, J.E.J., P.M.A. Ribbers, H.C.A. Van Tilborg, A.F.L. Veth, and J.G.L. Van Der Wees (2002). Trust in Electronic Commerce, The Role of Trust from a Legal, an Organizational and Technical Point of View. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Proctor, Charles (2012). Mann on the Legal Aspect on Money. Oxford University Press.
Reed, Chris (2004). Internet Law. Cambridge University Press.
Reed, Chris (2012). Making Laws for Cyberspace. Oxford University Press.
Tucker, Peter C. (2009). «Digital Currency Doppelganger: Regulatory Challenge or Harbinger of the New Economy?» Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, 17: 589.
Tyree, Alan (1997). Digital Cash. Butterworths.
Velde, François (2013). «Bitcoin: A Primer». The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Wang, Faye (2010). Law of Electronic Commercial Transactions. New York: Routledge.
